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## Media
### 360 Video
### Description
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album_BCAF1610_94C0_6B6F_41D4_F4F38704C5F2_0.description = 1. Prior to the eastward diversion.
album_8557905C_9DAC_A080_4195_8199F2A71584_9.description = 10-54. Nasu Irrigation System | ©Nasunogahara Land Improvement Districts Federation
album_8557405E_9DAC_A080_41CB_6068E58496EC_10.description = 11-54. Ogawazeki Irrigation Canal
album_8557705E_9DAC_A080_41DA_99338D769F0C_11.description = 12-54. Naganoseki Irrigation Canal
album_8557605E_9DAC_A080_4180_9B4AEED52DF9_12.description = 13-54. Tenguiwa Irrigation System
album_8557905E_9DAC_A080_41DE_9A8DB37972E1_13.description = 14-54. Minuma-Dai Irrigation System | ©Rural Development Division Department of Agriculture and Forestry Saitama Prefectural Government
album_8557B05E_9DAC_A080_41A3_9A1D50EB0725_14.description = 15-54. Bizenkyo Irrigation System | ©Bizenkyo Irrigation System Land Improvement District
album_8557605E_9DAC_A080_41D4_76B49E2BB3E3_15.description = 16-54.Murayama Rokkamura-segi Irrigation Canal | ©Murayama Rokkamura Sluice Land Improvement District
album_8557905E_9DAC_A080_41D0_B8CF7BE19AF9_16.description = 17-54. Jikkasegi Irrigation System | ©Azumino City
album_8557805E_9DAC_A080_41D1_E67DC0BF9D4C_17.description = 18-54. Takinoyu-segi and Ohkawara-segi Irrigation System
album_8557A05E_9DAC_A080_41D9_D46BE0FF2AFF_18.description = 19-54. Gorobe Irrigation System | ©Shizuoka Prefecture
album_8557205C_9DAC_A080_41D9_E7747E46B57A_1.description = 2-54. Doen Irrigation System | ©Nishitsugaru Land Improvement District
album_BCAF1610_94C0_6B6F_41D4_F4F38704C5F2_1.description = 2. Following the eastward diversion.
album_8557D05E_9DAC_A080_41D7_DEB9765A795B_19.description = 20-54. Fukarayousui Irrigation Canal | ©Shizuoka Prefecture
album_8557905E_9DAC_A080_41E1_6F2D134CCA33_20.description = 21-54. Genbegawa Irrigation Canal | ©Shizuoka Prefecture
album_8557805E_9DAC_A080_41C8_CEB5A356296C_21.description = 22-54. Kanuki Irrigation Canal | ©Shizuoka Prefecture
album_8557B05E_9DAC_A080_41E3_0BB7872CBF31_22.description = 23-54. Teradani Irrigation System (Canal) | ©Shizuoka Prefecture
album_8557C05E_9DAC_A080_41E1_17EE9670C0C9_23.description = 24-54. Honjukuyousui Irrigation Canal (Canal) | ©Shizuoka Prefecture
album_8557805E_9DAC_A080_41D2_9C5C2EF367CF_24.description = 25-54. Kitayama Irrigation System (Canal) | ©Shizuoka Prefecture
album_8557B05E_9DAC_A080_41D0_DE335CF9EB5F_25.description = 26-54. Uwae Irrigation Canal | ©Sekikawasuikei Land Improvement District
album_8557A05E_9DAC_A080_41D6_E12AB2DB61D4_26.description = 27-54. Jyosai-gokuchi Irrigation System | ©Josai Irrigation Land Improvement District
album_8557C05E_9DAC_A080_41DE_F51E1FEA38B2_27.description = 28-54. Shichikayousui Irrigation System | ©Japan Society of Civil Engineers
album_8557F060_9DAC_A080_41D5_6F9934F68F5A_28.description = 29-54. Asuwagawa Irrigation Canal
album_8557505C_9DAC_A080_41DB_19C6D5854127_2.description = 3-54. Teruizeki Irrigation Canal | ©Terui Land Improvement District
album_8557B060_9DAC_A080_41B7_453F959F8C75_29.description = 30-54. Sodaiyousui Irrigation System | ©Gifu Prefecture Tourism Federation
album_8557A060_9DAC_A080_41E1_13C4E4169598_30.description = 31-54. Irukaike Reservoir
album_8557D060_9DAC_A080_41B0_B1BE8BA088CE_31.description = 32-54. Meiji-yousui Irrigation Canal | ©Meiji Yosui Land Improvement District
album_8557F060_9DAC_A080_41B6_5C0DB029B65D_32.description = 33-54. Matsubara-Muro Irrigation System | ©Muro Irrigation Land Improvement District
album_8557A060_9DAC_A080_41B2_A284792DA0DB_33.description = 34-54. Tachibaiyousui Irrigation Canal | ©Tachibai Irrigation Land Improvement District
album_8557D060_9DAC_A080_41E1_B2469E2D5AD8_34.description = 35-54. Minamiieki-kawaguchi-yusui Irrigation System
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album_85561060_9DAC_A080_41E1_EF1650527A21_37.description = 38-54. Kumedaike Reservoir
album_8557D060_9DAC_A080_41E0_5CCAAE2F3F54_38.description = 39-54.Tsukidome Irrigation Canal | ©Yao City
album_8557405C_9DAC_A080_41CC_6D581AFDB91A_3.description = 4-54. Uchikawa Irrigation System | ©Osaki City
album_8557C060_9DAC_A080_41D9_48F091FD1D89_39.description = 40-54.Teragaike Pond and Teragaike Waterway | ©Kawachinagano City
album_8557F060_9DAC_A080_41C2_62CA18789FFA_40.description = 41-54. Yukawa Irrigation Canal | ©Izumisano City
album_85561060_9DAC_A080_41BB_2841B070C646_41.description = 42-54. Tanzansosui Irrigation System | ©Toban yosui Land Improvement District
album_8557C060_9DAC_A080_41B6_FEE05EB4CC02_42.description = 43-54. Saikojino-Sosuiro Irrigation System | ©Saikojino Land Improvement District
album_8557F060_9DAC_A080_41DF_0AE9C3D651B0_43.description = 44-54. Odai Irrigation Canal
album_85561060_9DAC_A080_41B6_E45F319F594D_44.description = 45-54. Kurayasu and Hyakken Rivers Irrigation and Drainage System | ©Okayama City
album_85563060_9DAC_A080_41E2_3B8F35AC7D5E_45.description = 46-54. Takebe Weir | ©Okayama City
album_85562060_9DAC_A080_41BD_3330D2AB53EB_46.description = 47-54. Tokiwako Reservoir | ©Ube City
album_8557E062_9DAC_A080_41D0_E655E8F31ABE_47.description = 48-54. Mannou-ike Reservoir
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album_8557705C_9DAC_A080_41E3_6431B2D1CA31_4.description = 5-54. Minamihara-Anazeki Irrigation Canal | ©Osaki City
album_85563062_9DAC_A080_41D6_7461A272EEB4_49.description = 50-54. Tsujunyousui Irrigation System | ©Town-Yamato
album_85565062_9DAC_A080_41E0_A2220752D56E_50.description = 51-54. Kounomizo-Hyakutaroumizo Irrigation System | ©Kounomizo and Hayakutaroumizo Land Improvement Districts
album_85567062_9DAC_A080_41BC_B520F6C8D98C_51.description = 52-54. Shirakawa basin Irrigation system | ©Kikuyo Town Board of education
album_85562062_9DAC_A080_41E0_E5581E0A0634_52.description = 53-54. Kikuchi Irrigation System
album_85565062_9DAC_A080_41CB_748CC425AE1E_53.description = 54-54. Usa Irrigation System | ©Usa City Governmental Office ©Usa Land Improvement District
album_8557905C_9DAC_A080_41E1_773A1B954DA1_5.description = 6-54. Kitadate Irrigation System |©Mogamigawa Land Improvement District
album_8557505C_9DAC_A080_41DF_E4B232BB024A_6.description = 7-54. Yamagata-goseki Irrigation System | ©Yamagata City
album_8557405C_9DAC_A080_41E2_8C66CE213ED1_7.description = 8-54. Asakasosui Irrigation System
album_8557705C_9DAC_A080_41C2_3374F1B925E7_8.description = 9-54. Jukkoku-bori Irrigation System
album_EDE2F77E_DA2E_0790_41E6_446651176371_1.description = Credits: Taiki Fukao NIPPON DESIGN CENTER
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album_EF8064B9_DA2E_1A90_41E1_EC555DEDCB31_1.description = Credits: ©Atami City
album_EE3D9429_DA2E_19B0_41E9_1B80E0326FC0_0.description = Credits: ©Beppu City
album_EFD42BED_DA26_0EB0_41DD_6A54F70EF1D5_0.description = Credits: ©Gero City
album_EFD42BED_DA26_0EB0_41DD_6A54F70EF1D5_1.description = Credits: ©Gero City
album_EE430BED_DA2E_0EB0_41E6_FBD5640BC486_0.description = Credits: ©KOBE TOURISM BUREAU
album_EE430BED_DA2E_0EB0_41E6_FBD5640BC486_1.description = Credits: ©KOBE TOURISM BUREAU
album_EE7C6EB8_DA2E_0690_41B6_56BFF3C23DFC_0.description = Credits: ©Kusatsu Town Tourism Division
album_EE7C6EB8_DA2E_0690_41B6_56BFF3C23DFC_1.description = Credits: ©Kusatsu Town Tourism Division
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album_EDB721AB_DA26_1AB0_41EB_0720A52903A2_0.description = Credits: ©Matsuyama City
album_EE3D9429_DA2E_19B0_41E9_1B80E0326FC0_1.description = Credits: ©Myoban Yunosato Co., Ltd.
album_EE63CAFA_DA2E_0E90_41CD_FC734DD28086_1.description = Credits: ©SANAGE ONSEN
album_EE63CAFA_DA2E_0E90_41CD_FC734DD28086_0.description = Credits: ©SANAGE ONSEN
album_EDE2F77E_DA2E_0790_41E6_446651176371_0.description = Credits: ©Semboku City
album_B9061083_94C7_A771_41B8_1851AB1D22FC_2.description = Credits: ©Tsugihiro Watanabe
album_B9061083_94C7_A771_41B8_1851AB1D22FC_4.description = Credits: ©Tsugihiro Watanabe
album_B9061083_94C7_A771_41B8_1851AB1D22FC_3.description = Credits: ©Tsugihiro Watanabe
album_B9061083_94C7_A771_41B8_1851AB1D22FC_1.description = Credits: ©Tsugihiro Watanabe
album_EE3CEBC3_DA2E_0EF0_41E1_0D807CA8AE95_0.description = Credits: ©Yamagata Prefecture Tourism and Products Association
album_EE3CEBC3_DA2E_0EF0_41E1_0D807CA8AE95_1.description = Credits: ©Yamagata Prefecture Tourism and Products Association
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### Title
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album_8557905C_9DAC_A080_4195_8199F2A71584_9.label = 10-54. Canal de Irrigação Nasu-sosui - Créditos_ ©Nasunogahara Land Improvement Districts Federation
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htmlText_18E9BEF5_3D3E_D60C_4180_2E5A91F76906.html = Yanahime Jinja Shrine
This temple is dedicated to Yanahime-no-Mikoto, a female deity that has been worshipped for over 1,300 years. Popularly known as “Mitsuke-no-Otenjin-sama,” she is venerated as the goddess who blesses success in studies, health, good childbirth, the protection of children and the union of loving bonds.
During the annual shrine festival, the Mitsuke Tenjin Hadaka Matsuri (literally, the "Mitsuke Tenjin Naked Festival"), the ritual of hamagori is performed, in which participants bathe in the ocean water to purify body and spirit.
Yanahime Jinja Shrine
This temple is dedicated to Yanahime-no-Mikoto, a female deity that has been worshipped for over 1,300 years. Popularly known as “Mitsuke-no-Otenjin-sama,” she is venerated as the goddess who blesses success in studies, health, good childbirth, the protection of children and the union of loving bonds.
During the annual shrine festival, the Mitsuke Tenjin Hadaka Matsuri (literally, the "Mitsuke Tenjin Naked Festival"), the ritual of hamagori is performed, in which participants bathe in the ocean water to purify body and spirit.
Acidic Spring
Springs that contain 1 mg or more of hydrogen ions per kilogram of thermal water.
Its acidity is apparent on the palate and possesses antibacterial properties.
Bicarbonated Spring
Springs that contain 1,000 mg or more of dissolved solids (excluding gases) per kilogram of thermal water and whose main component of negative ions is bicarbonate. They may also contain calcium, magnesium or sodium. In those that contain calcium, there may be deposit formations and calcareous precipitates in the actual spring.
Its composition is beneficial for the healing of cuts and wounds and in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease, in addition to softening the dryness of the skin.
Carbon Dioxide Spring
Springs that contain 1,000 mg or more of free carbon (carbon dioxide) per kilogram of thermal water.
While in the water, bubbles of carbon dioxide stick to the body, providing a refreshing, comforting sensation. However, the carbon dioxide can dissipate if the water is heated. These waters stimulate circulation and support the healing of cuts and wounds and are recommended for peripheral arterial disease and autonomic nervous system dysfunctions.
When ingested, it provides a pleasant and refreshing sensation to the palate, which is why it is recommended to assist in the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunctions.
A relatively rare spring in Japan, it is popularly known as Awa no Yu ("Bubbling Water").
Chloride Spring
Springs that contain 1,000 mg or more of dissolved solids (excluding gases) per kilogram of thermal water and whose main component of negative ions is chloride. They may also contain sodium, calcium or magnesium, depending on the composition of the ions present in the water.
These springs are relatively common in Japan. Because it has salt as its main component, it acquires a salty taste on the palate. In cases where the salt concentration is high or in the presence of magnesium, the water takes on a bitter taste.
Bathing in it helps healing and attenuates skin dryness, and is also recommended in cases of peripheral arterial disease and depressive conditions.
Iodine Spring
Springs that contain 10 mg or more of iodine per kilogram of thermal water. It is common in non-volcanic hot springs and acquires a yellowish hue over time.
Its ingestion is recommended to aid in the treatment of cholesterol.
Iron Spring
Springs that contain 20 mg or more of total iron (iron ii) ions per kilogram of thermal water. Due to this composition, its ingestion is recommended as an aid in treating anemia.
According to the presence of the negative ion, it is classified as bicarbonated or sulfate.
When these waters reach the surface and come into contact with the air, the iron present in their composition oxidizes and the thermal water takes on a reddish-brown color.
Radioactive Spring
Springs that contain 30 x 10 ⁰ ¹⁰ Curie (or 8.25 Mache units) or more of radon per kilogram of thermal water.
Although radioactivity is often associated with harmful effects on the human body, the amount present in this source is negligible, being significantly lower than that generated during an x-ray, for example.
Extremely low doses of radioactivity have been shown to provide beneficial effects to the human body and may aid in the treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Simple Spring
Springs that contain less than 1,000 mg of dissolved solids (excluding gaseous solids) per kilogram of thermal water and whose temperature in the spring is 25° C or higher. Those that have a pH equal to or greater than 8.5 are called “simple alkaline springs.”
The feel is soft on the skin. It is odorless and generates little skin irritation. When in contact with its alkaline version, the skin acquires a silky sensation, giving the impression of turning softer and smoother.
An immersion bath is recommended to help treat dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system, such as blood pressure, insomnia and depression.
Sulfur Spring
Springs that contain 2 mg or more of sulfur per kilogram of thermal water. Containing hydrogen sulfide, it is a relatively common hot spring in Japan.
The peculiar, rotten egg-like odor is caused by the hydrogen sulfide.
Bathing in it is beneficial for the treatment of skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, chronic eczema and pyoderma.
Sulphate Spring
Springs that contain 1,000 mg or more of dissolved solids (excluding gases) per kilogram of thermal water and whose main component of negative ions is sulphate.
Bathing in it helps healing and attenuates skin dryness, and is also recommended in cases of peripheral arterial disease and depressive conditions. And its ingestion is related to combating biliary disorders, high cholesterol levels and constipation.
Mizugori
Mizugori, or kori, refers to the act of bathing in water to purify the body and spirit before visiting temples and shrines or participating in rituals and festivals. According to the scholar Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801), the term evolved from kawaori, the gesture of entering a river to cleanse oneself. In Shinto, this practice is known as misogi. Misogi performed by the deity Izanagi-no-Mikoto is considered the starting point of all kori rituals.
Mizugori
Mizugori, or kori, refers to the act of bathing in water to purify the body and spirit before visiting temples and shrines or participating in rituals and festivals. According to the scholar Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801), the term evolved from kawaori, the gesture of entering a river to cleanse oneself. In Shinto, this practice is known as misogi. Misogi performed by the deity Izanagi-no-Mikoto is considered the starting point of all kori rituals.
Takigyō
Takigyō is an ascetic practice that takes place in waterfalls. It is practiced as part of Shugendō, a Japanese religious tradition that combines popular beliefs with Shinto and Buddhism. It was disseminated in the Nara period (710-794) with mentions in classical texts such as the Kojiki, the oldest book on Japanese history dating from 712, and the Nihon Shoki, the second oldest book on the same subject, completed in 720. In Shugendō, water is considered an element that has purifying power, and the practice of takigyō is considered a form of misogi or kori, in which the flow of a waterfall can cleanse the mind and body and strengthen the spirit.
Traditionally practiced as part of Shugendō and Esoteric Buddhism trainings, the goal of bathing under the waterfall in reverence to the gods and Buddha was to disperse distractions and make time for inner reflection.
Credits: ©JP_PIXTA
Takigyō
Takigyō is an ascetic practice that takes place in waterfalls. It is practiced as part of Shugendō, a Japanese religious tradition that combines popular beliefs with Shinto and Buddhism. It was disseminated in the Nara period (710-794) with mentions in classical texts such as the Kojiki, the oldest book on Japanese history dating from 712, and the Nihon Shoki, the second oldest book on the same subject, completed in 720. In Shugendō, water is considered an element that has purifying power, and the practice of takigyō is considered a form of misogi or kori, in which the flow of a waterfall can cleanse the mind and body and strengthen the spirit.
Traditionally practiced as part of Shugendō and Esoteric Buddhism trainings, the goal of bathing under the waterfall in reverence to the gods and Buddha was to disperse distractions and make time for inner reflection.
Credits: ©JP_PIXTA
Temizu
A origem do temizu remonta ao mito de Yomi no Kuni, a Terra dos Mortos. O Kojiki, a mais antiga crônica histórica japonesa, que data do século VIII, relata que, ao retornar de Yomi no Kuni, a Terra dos Mortos, a divindade Izanagi-no-Mikoto se purificou banhando-se na água para remover as impurezas aderidas ao seu corpo. O chōzu é a forma simplificada do ritual que ocorre pela imersão na água e tem o propósito de retirar as impurezas.
Crédito Foto | ©Jinja Honcho
Temizu
The origin of temizu dates back to the myth of Yomi no Kuni, the Land of the Dead. The Kojiki, Japan's oldest historical chronicle, dating from the 8th century, reports that upon returning from Yomi no Kuni, the Land of the Dead, the deity Izanagi-no-Mikoto purified himself by bathing in water to remove the impurities clinging to his body. Chōzu is the simplified form of the ritual that occurs when one is immersed in water and has the purpose of removing impurities.
Credits: ©Jinja Honcho
Temizu
The origin of temizu dates back to the myth of Yomi no Kuni, the Land of the Dead. The Kojiki, Japan's oldest historical chronicle, dating from the 8th century, reports that upon returning from Yomi no Kuni, the Land of the Dead, the deity Izanagi-no-Mikoto purified himself by bathing in water to remove the impurities clinging to his body. Chōzu is the simplified form of the ritual that occurs when one is immersed in water and has the purpose of removing impurities.
Credits: ©Jinja Honcho
Temizuya
Temizuya is the place where visitors to a shrine or participants in a Shinto rite must purify their hands and mouth before entering the sacred enclosure. It is often located near the entrance of the path that accesses the shrine, so that both physical and spiritual purification can take place before prayers begin.
Credits: ©Jinja Honcho
Temizuya
Temizuya is the place where visitors to a shrine or participants in a Shinto rite must purify their hands and mouth before entering the sacred enclosure. It is often located near the entrance of the path that accesses the shrine, so that both physical and spiritual purification can take place before prayers begin.
Credits: ©Jinja Honcho
Temizuya
O temizuya é o local onde os visitantes de um santuário ou participantes de um rito xintoísta devem purificar as mãos e a boca antes de entrarem no recinto sagrado. É frequentemente localizado perto da entrada do caminho de acesso ao santuário, para que a purificação tanto física quanto espiritual possa ser feita antes do início das orações.
Crédito foto | ©Jinja Honcho
Uchimizu
In the world of the tea ceremony (sadō), the practice of uchimizu is a gesture of welcoming. About 30 minutes before receiving guests, a host sprinkles water from outside the gate to the entrance of the teahouse, passing all the way through the garden (roji). This path is the symbolic boundary that separates the mundane from the sacred ceremony space, where the impurities of mundane life are left behind. In addition to a purification ritual, the uchimizu can be said to be an extremely important gesture of etiquette.
Reference: Mission Uchimizu – On the Cultural Context of Uchimizu (only available in Japanese at https://uchimizu.jp/archive/04/bunka.html?utm).
Credits: ©JP_PIXTA
Uchimizu
In the world of the tea ceremony (sadō), the practice of uchimizu is a gesture of welcoming. About 30 minutes before receiving guests, a host sprinkles water from outside the gate to the entrance of the teahouse, passing all the way through the garden (roji). This path is the symbolic boundary that separates the mundane from the sacred ceremony space, where the impurities of mundane life are left behind. In addition to a purification ritual, the uchimizu can be said to be an extremely important gesture of etiquette.
Reference: Mission Uchimizu – On the Cultural Context of Uchimizu (only available in Japanese at https://uchimizu.jp/archive/04/bunka.html?utm).
Credits: ©JP_PIXTA
Uchimizu
No universo da cerimônia do chá (sadō), a prática do uchimizu é um gesto de acolhimento. Cerca de 30 minutos antes de receber os convidados, o anfitrião asperge a água desde o lado de fora do portão até a entrada da casa de chá, passando por todo o percurso que atravessa o jardim (roji). Esse caminho é a fronteira simbólica que separa o mundano do espaço sagrado da cerimônia, onde as impurezas da vida mundana são deixadas para trás. Além de um ritual de purificação, pode-se dizer que o uchimizu é um gesto de etiqueta extremamente importante.
Referência: Mission Uchimizu – Sobre o Contexto Cultural do Uchimizu (disponível apenas em japonês)
Crédito foto | ©JP_PIXTA
Okinami Tairyō Matsuri
Held in the Okinami district of Anamizu Town, Ishikawa Prefecture, the Okinami Tairyō Matsuri is an exception among the Kiriko Matsuri festivals in the Noto Peninsula region. Unlike most, which climax at night, this festival has its highlights during the daytime. The festival's origin lies in the legend that the deity of Okinami Suwa Shrine was found drifting at sea. Therefore, the tradition is to carry the kiriko lanterns to the sea, in order to perform the misogi purification. At this time, participants pray for abundant fishing and safety at sea.
When the kiriko lanterns line up on Tatto-no-hama Beach, known for its shallow waters, the Okinami Tairyō Daiko drum is played at a cadenced rhythm. At the flute's signal, one kiriko at a time is taken into the sea. Their carriers are immersed up to the chest and shake vigorously. While the sound of the drum on top of the kiriko intensifies, the structure absorbs seawater and gets heavier and heavier, pressing on the shoulders of the carriers. But they keep moving, making the water splash and shine under the summer sun. Finally, when the flute plays again, the kiriko return to the sand and the purification ritual is complete.
Source: Department of Tourism Strategy of Ishikawa Prefecture; Japan Heritage Activation Committee. “Noto, the Illuminated Peninsula: The Energy of the Kiriko Festivals” (only available in Japanese).
Credits: ©ANAMIZU TOWN_ISHIKAWA
Okinami Tairyō Matsuri
Held in the Okinami district of Anamizu Town, Ishikawa Prefecture, the Okinami Tairyō Matsuri is an exception among the Kiriko Matsuri festivals in the Noto Peninsula region. Unlike most, which climax at night, this festival has its highlights during the daytime. The festival's origin lies in the legend that the deity of Okinami Suwa Shrine was found drifting at sea. Therefore, the tradition is to carry the kiriko lanterns to the sea, in order to perform the misogi purification. At this time, participants pray for abundant fishing and safety at sea.
When the kiriko lanterns line up on Tatto-no-hama Beach, known for its shallow waters, the Okinami Tairyō Daiko drum is played at a cadenced rhythm. At the flute's signal, one kiriko at a time is taken into the sea. Their carriers are immersed up to the chest and shake vigorously. While the sound of the drum on top of the kiriko intensifies, the structure absorbs seawater and gets heavier and heavier, pressing on the shoulders of the carriers. But they keep moving, making the water splash and shine under the summer sun. Finally, when the flute plays again, the kiriko return to the sand and the purification ritual is complete.
Source: Department of Tourism Strategy of Ishikawa Prefecture; Japan Heritage Activation Committee. “Noto, the Illuminated Peninsula: The Energy of the Kiriko Festivals” (only available in Japanese).
Credits: ©ANAMIZU TOWN_ISHIKAWA
Santuário Mikumari Jinja
O Mikumari Jinja é um santuário consagrado à divindade da distribuição da água, o Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami. A reverência a essa divindade é, em grande parte, motivada pela agricultura. Por isso, esse tipo de santuário é frequentemente construído em nascentes de rios ou fontes de água, com a finalidade de rezar por boas colheitas.
The Tone-gawa River: the largest river basin in Japan
Before the 17th century, the Tone-gawa River and its tributaries, the Watarase and Kinu Rivers, followed distinct paths. The Tone-gawa flowed south through the center of the Kantō Plain, running into the Arakawa River and emptying into Tokyo Bay through the modern-day area of the Sumida River. In 1590, with Tokugawa Ieyasu's entry in Edo (now Tokyo), redirection works began and, as a result, its course was altered to empty directly into the Pacific Ocean. This series of works is known as the “Tone-gawa River's Direction Eastward” (Tone-gawa Tōsen Jigyō), constituting its current configuration.
The World Heritage Sites of Irrigation in Japan
The function of irrigation
To successfully irrigate, it is necessary to guarantee the water source and organize the driving and distribution installations. Currently, the construction of embankments at water sources or dams at rivers allows for a stable collection of water resources.
The water that supplies the rice paddies can follow two paths: one part infiltrates the soil, becoming groundwater and contributing to recharging the water tables; another part flows across the surface, reaching the drainage channels and then the rivers. This movement allows water to continue in the hydrological cycle, collected and reused in other activities, especially in regions near the mouth of rivers, where this water accumulates again and is available for other uses. The proper management of this flow is the key to maintaining the health of the water cycle in the entire basin. As such, we can say that irrigation is not only useful for agricultural production, but that it plays a multifaceted role, including the sustainable management of water resources and the preservation of aquatic ecosystems. In order for this system to work stably and for many years, there has to be a concerted, continuous effort from the local community, including the farmers who benefit from it.
Source: Mynavi Nogyo.
The World Heritage Sites of Irrigation in Japan
Irrigation and rice cultivation
Rice is the basis of the Japanese diet and a stable supply of water is necessary for its successful cultivation. In Japan, where there are many mountains and few plains, rainwater flows into the sea quickly. For this reason, it is essential that farmers prepare for seasons of low rainfall or possible drought periods, and this is how the irrigation process was implemented. It consists in facilities that capture water from rivers, the underground or lakes and distribute it artificially to rice paddies and other crop fields through canals. Most rice fields in Japan are cultivated by irrigation.
Credits: ©Tsugihiro Watanabe
The hardness of water (2/2)
Water that flows for long periods in limestone-rich regions such as Europe and the Americans acquires a naturally high level of hardness. On the other hand, in countries such as Japan, where the period the water spends underground and the extension of watercourses are shorter, the hardness tends to be considerably lower.
[Image 4]
Source: Samaki Takeo, Oishii Mizu, Anzen na Mizu, Nihon Jitsugyo Publishing House (only available in Japanese), 2000.
According to information from the Tokyo Water Department, the average value of the hardness of tap water in the region is approximately 60 mg/L. A detailed analysis from 2022 revealed that the maximum value was 89.7 mg/L in the districts of Nerima and Kōtō. Meanwhile, the lowest value was 19.6 mg/L in the city of Ōme.
Graphics
[Image 5]
Source: Japan Water Works Association, “Water Quality Database – Japan Faucet Water Quality Distribution Table,” data from fiscal year 2022 (average values).
This map illustrates the hardness of tap water throughout Japan. The colors indicate the average water hardness value in each province. Reddish tones indicate harder waters, while bluish tones signal less hard waters. The national average is 48.9 mg/L and is represented on the map by the color yellow.
[Image 6]
Source: HORI, M. et al. Scientific Reports, v. 14, p. 14167, 2024. Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo
The redirection of the Tone-gawa River and river transportation
The Tone-gawa River redirection project created a vast network of canals in the Kantō Plain. This infrastructure transformed the river into an important internal transport hub for Japan, driving commerce even in more distant areas, such as Tsugaru, where the western part of Aomori Prefecture is currently located, and the city of Sendai, in Miyagi Prefecture.
Several river ports for unloading goods, known as kashi, were installed along the tributaries and the main river, bringing prosperity to the warehouse owners and vendors who operated along on the banks of the rivers. In 1890, the Tone-gawa River Canal was opened, significantly shortening the route and travel time to Tokyo and resulting in reduced freight costs. In 1891, over 37,000 vessels crossed the canal, proving the importance of this access.
Although river transportation remained relevant in the supply chain of goods up until the early 1890s, the development of land transportation and the expansion of the railway network, especially the Takasaki Line in 1884 and the Tsuchiura Line (today, the Jōban Line) in 1896, in addition to the improvement of roads, led to its gradual decline. Nowadays, the Tone-gawa River can no longer be navigated for commercial transportation purposes.
Reference: Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Official Website.
Tone-gawa River System: World Heritage of Irrigation
Tengu-iwa Yōsui Canal (cities of Maebashi, Takasaki and Tamamura in Gunma Prefecture)
Built in cooperation with farmers between 1602 and 1604.
Bizen-kyo Yōsui Irrigation Canal (cities of Honjō, Fukaya and Kumagaya in Saitama Prefecture)
Built in one year starting in 1604, it is one of the oldest irrigation canals in Saitama Prefecture.
Jyukkoku-bori Canal (city of Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki Prefecture)
Built in 1669, it is an irrigation structure of about 15 kilometers.
Minuma-dai Yōsui Canal (cities of Gyōda, Hanyū, Kazo, Kōnosu, Kuki, Okegawa, Ageo, Hasuda, Shiraoka, Kasukabe, Saitama, Koshigaya, Kawaguchi, Sōka, Toda, Ina and Miyashiro in Saitama Prefecture)
Built in 1728, it is considered one of the three largest agricultural irrigation canals in Japan.
Ogawa Dam (city of Kanra, Gunma Prefecture)
It is believed to have been built about 400 years ago, functioning as a water supply canal for the castle city, samurai residences and rice paddies in the river's lower-lying region.
Uda Mikumari Shrine
This shrine is consecrated to the Three Deities of Water Distribution: Hayakitsuhiko-no-Mikoto (center), Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (right) and Kuni-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (left).
Legend has it that the shrine was built following a divine oracle in the era of Emperor Sujin (97-30 BCE). The main hall consists of three connected buildings done in the archaic kasuga-zukuri style of architecture: it has a single front span, and its eaves are supported by diagonal corner beams. The exterior is painted red, and details such as the structural element known as kaerumata display characteristics of the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). In 1954, the three buildings of the main hall were designated as National Treasures.
Credits: ©Uda City Tourism Association
Yoshino Mikumari-jinja Shrine
Yoshino Mikumari-jinja is a consecrated shrine to the deity of water distribution, Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami. Reverence for this deity is largely motivated by agriculture. Therefore, this type of shrine is often built on river springs or water sources, with the purpose of praying for good harvests.
Fonte termal bicarbonatada
Trata-se da fonte que contém 1.000 mg ou mais de sólidos dissolvidos (excluindo os gasosos) por quilograma de água termal e cujo componente principal dos íons negativos é o bicarbonato. Pode também conter cálcio, magnésio ou sódio. Nas que contam com a presença do cálcio, pode haver formações de depósitos e precipitados calcários na própria fonte.
Sua composição é benéfica para a cicatrização de cortes e feridas e no tratamento de doença arterial periférica, além de amenizar a secura da pele.
Fonte termal carbogasosa
Trata-se da fonte que contém 1.000 mg ou mais de carbono livre (dióxido de carbono) por quilograma de água termal.
Durante o banho, bolhas de gás carbônico aderem ao corpo, proporcionando uma sensação refrescante e reconfortante.
Contudo, o gás carbônico pode se dissipar caso a água seja aquecida. Essas águas estimulam a circulação e apoiam a cicatrização de cortes e feridas e são indicadas para quadros de doença arterial periférica e disfunções do sistema nervoso autônomo.
Ao ser ingerida, proporciona uma sensação agradável e refrescante ao paladar, motivo pelo qual é recomendada para auxiliar no tratamento de disfunções gastrointestinais.
Trata-se de uma fonte relativamente rara no Japão e é popularmente chamada de Awa no Yu (Água Borbulhante).
Fonte termal cloretada
Trata-se da fonte que contém 1.000 mg ou mais de sólidos dissolvidos (excluindo os gasosos) por quilograma de água termal e cujo componente principal dos íons negativos é o cloreto. Pode conter também sódio, cálcio ou magnésio, a depender da composição dos íons presentes na água.
Trata-se de uma fonte relativamente comum no Japão. Por ter o sal como componente principal, adquire um sabor salgado ao paladar. Nos casos em que a concentração de sal é alta ou na presença de magnésio, a água ganha um sabor amargo.
Seu banho auxilia a cicatrização e atenua a secura da pele, além de ser indicado em casos de doença arterial periférica e em quadros depressivos.
Fonte termal ferruginosa
Trata-se da fonte que contém 20 mg ou mais de íons de ferro totais (ferro II) por quilograma de água termal. Por tal composição, sua ingestão é recomendada como auxílio ao tratamento de anemia.
De acordo com o íon negativo presente, é classificada como bicarbonatada ou sulfatada.
No momento em que essas águas atingem a superfície e entram em contato com o ar, o ferro presente na sua composição oxida e a água termal adquire uma coloração marrom-avermelhada.
Fonte termal iodada
Trata-se da fonte que contém 10 mg ou mais de iodeto por quilograma de água termal. É comum em fontes termais não vulcânicas e adquire tonalidade amarelada com o passar do tempo.
Sua ingestão é indicada para auxílio no tratamento de colesterol.
Fonte termal radioativa
Trata-se da fonte que contém 30 x 10⁻¹⁰ Curie (ou 8,25 unidades Mache) ou mais de radônio por quilograma de água termal.
Embora a radioatividade seja frequentemente associada a efeitos nocivos ao corpo humano, a quantidade presente nesta fonte é ínfima, sendo significativamente menor do que a gerada durante uma radiografia, por exemplo.
Foi comprovado que doses extremamente baixas de radioatividade proporcionam efeitos benéficos ao corpo humano e podem auxiliar o tratamento de doenças como artrite reumatoide e espondilite anquilosante.
Fonte termal simples
Trata-se da fonte que contém menos de 1.000 mg de sólidos dissolvidos (excluindo os gasosos) por quilograma de água termal e cuja temperatura na nascente é de 25 °C ou mais. A que apresenta um pH igual ou superior a 8,5 é denominada “fonte termal simples alcalina”.
Seu toque é macio na pele, ela é inodora e gera pouca irritação cutânea. Em contato com a sua versão alcalina, a pele adquire uma sensação sedosa, causando a impressão de se tornar mais lisa e suave.
Seu banho de imersão é recomendado no auxílio ao tratamento de disfunções do sistema nervoso autônomo, como regulação da pressão arterial, insônia e depressão.
Fonte termal sulfatada
Trata-se da fonte que contém 1.000 mg ou mais de sólidos dissolvidos (excluindo os gasosos) por quilograma de água termal, e cujo componente principal dos íons negativos é o sulfato.
Seu banho auxilia a cicatrização e atenua a secura da pele, além de ser indicado em casos de doença arterial periférica e em quadros depressivos. E sua ingestão está relacionada ao combate de distúrbios biliares, de níveis altos de colesterol e no tratamento da constipação.
Fonte termal sulfurosa
Trata-se da fonte que contém 2 mg ou mais de enxofre total por quilograma de água termal. Contendo sulfeto de hidrogênio, trata-se de uma fonte termal relativamente comum no Japão.
O odor peculiar, semelhante ao de ovo podre, é causado pelo sulfeto de hidrogênio.
Seu banho é benéfico para o tratamento de doenças de pele como a dermatite atópica, psoríase, eczema crônico e piodermite.
Fonte termal ácida
Trata-se da fonte que contém 1 mg ou mais de íons hidrogênio por quilograma de água termal.
Sua acidez é sentida no paladar e possui efeito bactericida.
Mizugori
Mizugori, ou kori, refere-se ao ato de banhar-se em água para purificar o corpo e o espírito antes de visitar templos e santuários ou participar de rituais e festivais. Segundo o estudioso Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801), o termo evoluiu de kawaori, o gesto de entrar em um rio para se limpar. No xintoísmo, essa prática é conhecida como misogi. O misogi realizado pela divindade Izanagi-no-Mikoto é considerado o ponto de partida de todos os rituais de kori.
Takigyō
O takigyō é uma forma de ascese feita em cachoeiras. É praticado dentro do Shugendō, tradição religiosa japonesa que combina crenças populares com o xintoísmo e o budismo. Foi difundido no período Nara (710-794) com menções em textos clássicos como o Kojiki, o mais antigo livro sobre a história japonesa que data de 712, e o Nihon Shoki, o segundo livro mais antigo sobre a mesma temática, concluído em 720. No Shugendō, a água é considerada um elemento que tem poder purificador, e a prática do takigyō é considerada uma forma de misogi ou kori, em que o fluxo de uma cachoeira pode limpar a mente e o corpo e fortalecer o espírito.
Tradicionalmente praticado como parte dos treinamentos do Shugendō e do Budismo Esotérico, o objetivo de se banhar sob a cachoeira em reverência aos deuses e a Buda era dispersar as distrações e dar tempo para a reflexão interior.
Crédito Foto | ©JP_PIXTA
Temizu
A origem do temizu remonta ao mito de Yomi no Kuni, a Terra dos Mortos. O Kojiki, a mais antiga crônica histórica japonesa, que data do século VIII, relata que, ao retornar de Yomi no Kuni, a Terra dos Mortos, a divindade Izanagi-no-Mikoto se purificou banhando-se na água para remover as impurezas aderidas ao seu corpo. O chōzu é a forma simplificada do ritual que ocorre pela imersão na água e tem o propósito de retirar as impurezas.
Crédito Foto | ©Jinja Honcho
Temizuya
O temizuya é o local onde os visitantes de um santuário ou participantes de um rito xintoísta devem purificar as mãos e a boca antes de entrarem no recinto sagrado. É frequentemente localizado perto da entrada do caminho de acesso ao santuário, para que a purificação tanto física quanto espiritual possa ser feita antes do início das orações.
Crédito foto | ©Jinja Honcho
A Drop That Propagates
Fundamental to our existence, water is part of our very composition and surrounds us with numerous, distinct functions.
The Japanese people have a special relationship with this element, starting with the country's own geography. Japan is an archipelago of over 14,000 islands. There's water everywhere.
Japan has set an example when it comes to water management, consistently creating state-of-the-art irrigation, transportation, purification and supply systems, supported by research and high-tech development.
The country is also a reference in the area of fishing. The Japanese understand that nothing is isolated: the water from the waterfalls that passes through the forests runs into the sea like a river, carrying nutrients that will result in more quality for their fish. They know that everything is interconnected and that each step must be taken carefully and monitored.
Incidentally, quality is a key word when talking about Japan. This includes the excellence of its mineral waters, which directly influence the properties of its tea, in addition to the numerous benefits provided by its ten types of thermal waters found at the more than 40 onsen scattered all throughout Japanese territory.
The respectful relationship with nature is another basic aspect of this culture. And it could be no different with water, which is attested to by the many rituals in which it is featured as a centerpiece.
Brazil is the country with the richest hydrographic complex in the world and one of the largest holders of fresh surface water on the planet. At a crucial time in this debate, as Brazil hosts COP30 in Belém, the main meeting of the United Nations to combat climate change, we brought information and data from Japan that can help us rethink the way we treat water. And, above all, to take care of this valuable, finite asset.
To reinforce and praise the magnitude of this element in a symbolic way, we chose three works of art that feature water as their focal point, aiming to awaken a poetic, sensory viewpoint. For the exhibit design, we chose to reproduce the circular and concentric movement of a propagating drop.
Natasha Barzaghi Geenen
Exhibition Curator and Cultural Director of Japan House São Paulo
#FluxosDoJapão #ÁguaNaJHSP
A água da purificação
A reverência à água do povo japonês é profundamente enraizada em sua história. Acredita-se que isso se deva não só aos recursos hídricos abundantes, por ser o Japão uma nação insular, mas também ao cultivo de arroz, grão principal da alimentação japonesa, que depende intrinsecamente desse recurso. Considerada uma entidade sagrada, os japoneses afirmam que a água tem o poder de expurgar as impurezas, e diversos rituais de purificação como o misogi, no qual as pessoas entram em rios e mares, foram praticados ao longo dos séculos. O misogi transcendeu os limites das práticas religiosas, passou por transformações e hoje é incorporado em eventos e cerimônias populares. Embora essa crença milenar na água tenha se enfraquecido ao longo dos séculos, seu papel ancestral na purificação ainda está presente em festivais e celebrações nos dias atuais.
Hoje, o ritual de purificação pela água mais famoso do país é o chōzu (ou temizu), praticado em visitas a santuários e templos. Lavar as mãos e a boca antes de entrar em um espaço sagrado é um ato simbólico cujo objetivo é afastar as possíveis impurezas. Mais do que uma simples prática de higiene, é um gesto para a limpeza do corpo e da alma.
Credits
Curator
Natasha Barzaghi Geenen
Co-curator
Carolina De Angelis
Assistant curator
Thelma Nakae
Executive production
Karen Garcia
Erika Litsumi Uehara
Production assistants
Natália Longhi
Carla de Freitas Garcia de Souza
Exhibition design
ST Projetos | Stella Tennenbaum
João Loureiro Montagnini
Scenography
G5 Cenografia
José Aldo Dell’ore
Baldoino Vidros
Painting
Manos Cogrossi
Aquarist
Aquatic Designer
Engineering consulting
OWF Soluções em Engenharia | Henrique Zin da Silva
Forest engineer
Marco Antonio Leonel Rollo
Climate control consulting
Hypocaustum | Bruno Fedeli
Lighting design
Iluminarte | Kris Natal e Karina Mendonça
Lighting
MMV Montagens Audiovisuais
Conservation
Marilia Fernandes
Assembly team
Rafael Filipe
Equipe de montagem
Heber da Silva Kusano
Ludmila Diniz
Content advisor
Chairperson of Japanese National Committee of ICID | Tsugihiro Watanabe
Visual communication coordination
Estúdio Laborg
Graphic design
Mono | Julio Dui
Printing of visual communication
Insign Comunicação Visual
Transportation
ATM Janus Logística
Translation
Komorebi Translations
Matthew Rinaldi
Anaís Escalona
Proofreading
Armando Olivetti
Institutional photography
Marina Melchers
Institutional video
Fuerza Films
Accessibility consulting
Daina Leyton
Accessibility production
Leonardo Stephens Domingues
Brazilian sign language (LIBRAS) and audio description
Iguale Comunicação de Acessibilidade
WebApp
Umpratodos
Tactile and visual communication
Seal Acessibilidade
ArtSim
Support
JICA
Colaboration
Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Rural Development Bureau, Design Division
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Water and Disaster Management Bureau, River Planning Division
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Edogawa River Office
Office for Conservation and Promotion of Hot Springs, Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of the Environment
The Japan Foundation
Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Yokohama Waterworks Bureau
Kyoto City Water Supply and Sewerage Bureau
TOKYO WATERWORKS HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Dr. Mayumi Hori Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo
JAPAN ONSEN ASSOCIATION
Hot Springs and Volcanoes
The mechanism of the hot springs
Recent studies indicate that most hot springs used for bathing are "circulating waters," that is, they originate from the rain and snow waters that penetrate the soil and absorb its minerals and heat up as they infiltrate and reach deeper geological layers. After a long time in a subterranean environment, these waters reemerge at the surface, since the heated liquid becomes less dense and is often forced to rise by pressure generated by the faults and canals.
Hot springs are classified as volcanic and non-volcanic. Non-volcanic water, in turn, is subdivided between deep groundwater and fossil water.
Volcanic hot springs
In volcanic areas, at kilometers below the surface, the magma chambers, where magma accumulates in cavities, reach temperatures of over 1000℃. Heated by these chambers, the underground water emerges at the surface through geological faults or man-made drilling, giving way to volcanic hot springs. It is believed that the richness and diversity of the thermal waters are the result of the blend of gases and aqueous solutions that come from the magma, as well as the dissolution of minerals present in the rocks during the course of the water back to the surface.
Non-volcanic hot springs: deep groundwater
On planet Earth, the soil temperature increases by an average of 3℃ with every 100 meters of depth. This rate is known as the geothermal gradient. For example, if the surface temperature is 15°C, at 1,000 meters deep the soil will rise to approximately 45°C, while at 1,500 meters the temperature hits 60°C. As such, non-volcanic hot springs that rely on deep groundwater are heated by the hot rocks or by the very action of the geothermal gradient.
Non-volcanic hot springs: fossil water
In certain regions, past geological movements have trapped ancient marine waters underground, forming what is known as “fossil water.” If the fossil water is a few hundred meters below the surface, in areas where there are no volcanoes or high-temperature rocks, the geothermal gradient is not able to heat the water to high temperatures. However, even if the temperature is below 25°C, the water that has a high concentration of salinity is classified as a hot spring, according to Japanese law.
In coastal areas, it is common for current seawater or groundwater in the region to mix with fossil water.
Japanese Expertise and Brazilian Context
Amid accelerating demographic shifts and increasing climate risks, the future of the world's water infrastructure means more than just occasional repairs or upgrades. According to a July 2025 report from the World Economic Forum, there is an urgent need to implement smart systems based on technology, adapted to local needs and promoted through cooperation between governments, companies and civil society. Water is at the center of all human activities; this is why water resilience is no longer just an environmental issue, but also a key element of economic stability and sustainable development.
Japan stands out as a country that combines technological innovation, participatory governance and long-term vision in the management of its water resources. With a strong tradition in public policies focused on water, the country continuously invests in solutions for urban supply, irrigation for agriculture, prevention of natural disasters and the rational use of resources. Japan's commitment to water also consists in the implementation of its research and technologies in other countries. In Brazil, this cooperation is largely conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), whose mission is to strengthen reciprocal relations and develop solutions in a collaborative manner, respecting local contexts.
Among the initiatives is PRODECER (Program of Japanese-Brazilian Cooperation for the Development of the Cerrado). Established in 1979, it was configured as a pilot project of financial and technical cooperation for sustainable agricultural development aimed at grain production in the Brazilian cerrado, focusing on efficient irrigation, the technological modernization of systems and machinery and support for small producers. The program developed 345,000 hectares of land in one of the most arid regions of Brazil, which has become an important agricultural hub in the country, combining Japanese and Brazilian techniques and research.
Another important initiative was developed between 2007 and 2010 in partnership with Sabesp (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo), focusing on the development of human resources and the necessary mechanisms to reduce water waste and improve efficiency in water supply. This project was responsible for implementing technologies to detect leaks and reduce the volume of uninvoiced water — water that is collected and treated, but lost before reaching the end consumer. Training based on the Japanese models of prevention and maintenance of water systems, especially the Tokyo water management model, were applied and, through JICA financing (2012-2019), these actions were expanded to other municipalities in the state of São Paulo, which resulted in improved loss rates.
In addition to these examples, JICA is developing over 20 projects related to the water and sanitation sector, providing assistance in the challenges that Brazil faces. Whether through the modernization of urban networks or sustainable irrigation in agriculture, Japan demonstrates that water leadership is the result of planning and innovation, and also includes international cooperation.
Okinami Tairyō Matsuri
O Okinami Tairyō Matsuri, realizado no distrito de Okinami, na cidade de Anamizu, província de Ishikawa, é uma exceção entre os festivais Kiriko Matsuri da região da península de Noto. Ao contrário da maioria, que alcança seu clímax à noite, essa festividade tem seus momentos de destaque sob a luz do dia. A origem do festival está na lenda de que a divindade do santuário Okinami Suwa Jinja foi encontrada à deriva no mar. Por isso, a tradição é carregar as lanternas kiriko para dentro do mar, com o intuito de realizar a purificação misogi. Nesse momento, os participantes rezam por uma pesca abundante e pela segurança no mar.
Quando as lanternas kiriko se alinham na praia de Tatto-no-hama, conhecida por suas águas rasas, o tambor Okinami Tairyō Daiko é tocado em ritmo cadenciado. Ao sinal da flauta, um kiriko de cada vez é levado para dentro do mar. Os carregadores ficam imersos até o peito e se agitam vigorosamente. Enquanto o som do tambor no topo do kiriko se intensifica, a estrutura vai absorvendo a água do mar e se torna cada vez mais pesada, pressionando os ombros dos carregadores. Mas eles continuam os movimentos, fazendo a água espirrar e brilhar sob o sol de verão. Finalmente, quando a flauta toca novamente, os kiriko retornam à areia e o ritual de purificação é encerrado.
Fonte: Departamento de Estratégia de Turismo da Província de Ishikawa; Comitê de Ativação do Patrimônio do Japão. “Noto, a Península Iluminada: a Energia dos Festivais Kiriko” (disponível apenas em japonês).
Crédito Foto | ©ANAMIZU TOWN_ISHIKAWA
Onsen
Hot Springs
Hot springs, or onsen as they are known in Japan, contain a number of dissolved components which are absorbed by the skin on contact, bringing benefits for the body. These components vary according to the peculiarities of the springs.
Hot springs with therapeutic properties are classified into 10 types according to their specific mineral composition. Guidelines on the most beneficial type of water for a certain health condition are defined by Japan's Ministry of the Environment.
Bathing in hot springs offers three main physical benefits:
Thermal action
The heat of the waters raises the body temperature, which stimulates circulation, strengthens the immune system, activates metabolism and favors the elimination of toxins from the body.
Action of hydrostatic pressure
The pressure of hot water acts as a massage on the whole body, improving circulation, as well as relieving tiredness and swelling in the legs.
Floating action
The weight of the body immersed in water is perceived as lighter, which alleviates the burden on the lower back, legs and joints, and reduces tensions in the body.
In addition, hot springs are usually located in regions of lush nature, such as near the sea, mountains, rivers or forests, and contact with these environments can also provide relaxation that is considered effective for mental health and stress reduction. The benefits of the water combined with contact with nature generate what is known in Japan as the “Comprehensive Biological Adjustment Effect of Thermal Waters,” and studies show that spending several days in a thermal water station restores balance to the body, normalizing several health indicators, such as hormone levels and blood pressure.
Source: Japan Ministry of the Environment; ecojin – Volume 74: Sutoresu manejimento kara kangaeru onsen katsuyō-hō (Application methods of thermal waters for stress management) – only available in Japanese.
Santuário Uta Mikumari Jinja
Este santuário é consagrado às Três Divindades da Distribuição da Água: Hayakitsuhiko-no-Mikoto (ao centro), Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (à direita) e Kuni-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (à esquerda).
A lenda narra que o santuário foi construído seguindo um oráculo divino na era do Imperador Sujin (97-30 a.C.). O salão principal é composto por três edifícios conectados no estilo arcaico kasugazukuri: tem um único vão frontal, e seus beirais são sustentados por vigas de canto diagonais. O exterior é pintado de vermelho, e detalhes como o elemento estrutural chamado de kaerumata evidenciam as características do Período Kamakura (1185-1333). Em 1954, os três edifícios do salão principal foram designados como Tesouros Nacionais.
Crédito Foto | ©Uda City Tourism Association
Santuário Yanahime Jinja
Este templo é dedicado a Yanahime-no-Mikoto, divindade feminina adorada há mais de 1.300 anos. Popularmente conhecida como “Mitsuke-no-Otenjin-sama”, ela é venerada como a deusa que abençoa o sucesso nos estudos, a saúde, o bom parto, a proteção das crianças e a união de laços amorosos.
Durante o festival anual do santuário, o Mitsuke Tenjin Hadaka Matsuri (literalmente, o Festival dos Homens Nus de Mitsuke Tenjin), realiza-se o ritual de hamagori, no qual os participantes se banham em água do mar para purificar o corpo e o espírito.
Shiori Watanabe (1984)
Sans room, 2017-present.
Aquariums, irrigation tank, hose, pump, bacteria, rice, substrate.
Feedback
Inspired by the famous excerpt from Claude Lévi-Strauss's book Tristes Tropiques — “The world began without man and will end without him” (1) —, the work Sans room, by Shiori Watanabe, proposes to imagine a system “without” (sans, in French) the active action of human beings, or apart from them, where other forms of life coexist interdependently.
Shiori Watanabe (1984) is a Tokyo-based artist. In 2017, she created this installation, conceived based on organisms collected in the Fukiage Garden, located on the grounds of the Tokyo Imperial Palace – where she used to play as a child. The locale is known for its biodiversity and for being a practically untouched natural space, even right in the center of a large metropolis. Considered a biological refuge, its preservation is partly due to the fact that it remained closed to the public for decades, which allowed for the development of its own ecosystem.
Instigated by this place that survives among humans, but in limited interaction with them, Watanabe brings together fish, plants that have grown spontaneously, bacteria and rocks, organizing them in water tanks connected by hoses, forming a closed artificial ecosystem, supported by the continuous circulation of water.
In the version presented in this exhibition, the elements have been rethought: microscopic bacteria inhabit one aquarium, rice crops are developing in another and volcanic rocks compose the geological scenario. The lighting that envelops the room was designed to stimulate plant growth, also ensuring the survival and proper functioning of the system as a whole.
Displayed in the context of an exhibit dedicated to water, Sans room allows readings that relate the water resource and its circulation to the essence of life which, in order to exist and perpetuate itself, depends on this continuous flow. What seems to be at stake is not just a natural resource, but the very possibility of life in a posthuman world.
(1) Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Tristes Trópicos. Lisboa: Edições 70, 1986, p. 408.
The Tone-gawa River: the largest river basin in Japan
Before the 17th century, the Tone-gawa River and its tributaries, the Watarase and Kinu Rivers, followed distinct paths. The Tone-gawa flowed south through the center of the Kantō Plain, running into the Arakawa River and emptying into Tokyo Bay through the modern-day area of the Sumida River. In 1590, with Tokugawa Ieyasu's entry in Edo (now Tokyo), redirection works began and, as a result, its course was altered to empty directly into the Pacific Ocean. This series of works is known as the “Tone-gawa River's Direction Eastward” (Tone-gawa Tōsen Jigyō), constituting its current configuration.
The World Heritage Sites of Irrigation in Japan
Japan's irrigation facilities
The International Commission on Irrigation & Drainage (ICID) certifies historic irrigation facilities that are considered “World Irrigation Heritage Sites.” Japan stands out in this scenario with a significant number of registered locales, a total of 54 as of the year 2024.
One difference worth noting between irrigation facilities in Japan and other countries relates to the system of local and national government-supported organizations known as Land Improvement Districts (Tochi Kairyō-ku). They are comprised of farmers who benefit from the water and who play a central role in creating and maintaining the installations that supply the land with water resources. This is considered a representative example of Farmer Participatory Irrigation Management, known as PIM in Japan.
Many of these installations were developed before the 17th century, but are still in use because they were maintained by farmers, and it is possible to find this type of structure throughout the country.
Outside of Japan, irrigation is mostly a national initiative, with the construction and management of key facilities led by the government. Japanese facilities are often relatively smaller in scale, which allows for locally-run management.
Reference: Tsugihiro Watanabe. Water Heritage Passed Down in the Community. Mitsukan Water Culture Center, No. 66.
The World Heritage Sites of Irrigation in Japan
Irrigation and rice cultivation
Rice is the basis of the Japanese diet and a stable supply of water is necessary for its successful cultivation. In Japan, where there are many mountains and few plains, rainwater flows into the sea quickly. For this reason, it is essential that farmers prepare for seasons of low rainfall or possible drought periods, and this is how the irrigation process was implemented. It consists in facilities that capture water from rivers, the underground or lakes and distribute it artificially to rice paddies and other crop fields through canals. Most rice fields in Japan are cultivated by irrigation.
Credits: ©Tsugihiro Watanabe
The hardness of water (1/2)
The hardness of water is a measurement that expresses the concentration of the main minerals present in its composition: calcium and magnesium. It is defined by the sum total of the ions of these substances, which are converted to calcium carbonate.
According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) drinking-water quality guidelines, hardness is categorized as follows:
Soft water
Containing calcium carbonate at concentrations below 60 mg/L.
Moderately hard water
Containing calcium carbonate at concentrations between 60 and 120 mg/L.
Hard water
Containing calcium carbonate at concentrations between 120 and 180 mg/L.
Very hard water
Containing calcium carbonate at concentrations above 180 mg/L.
Most of the water in Japan is soft, while in Europe it is predominantly hard. In Brazil, this categorization can vary widely. According to data from the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), São Paulo is classified in the parameters of soft water, while many Amazonian rivers have great mineral wealth, and their water is considered hard.
Hardness also plays a significant role in the perception of the taste of drinking water. With its light, neutral taste, soft water is considered ideal for Japanese cuisine, as it enhances the fifth flavor, known as umami, present in the edible kelp kombu and dashi, broth made with dried bonito fish (katsuobushi) in the form of glutamic acid. Its purity also enhances the aromatic complexity of such beverages as Japanese tea, black tea and whiskey. Hard water, on the other hand, with its more robust flavor profile, with notes of bitterness and astringency, is considered ideal for Western cuisine, being particularly suitable for such dishes as stews, since it neutralizes the more striking odors of beef and facilitates the removal of impurities during boiling.
In Japan, water hardness is regulated by law with a maximum limit of 300 mg/L (300 mg of calcium carbonate per liter of water), since any higher value impairs the formation of soap foam, for example.
In addition to quality standards, there are water quality management items, which are important parameters in the management of water resources. For example, with flavor quality in mind, a target for hardness was set between 10 and 100 mg/L.
Depending on other water characteristics such as pH, hardness above 200 mg/L can cause formation of scale – whitish deposits related to mineral buildup. Common examples are those that appear inside electric kettles. On the other hand, waters with less than 100 mg/L can intensify corrosion in plumbing pipes.
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Conditions for Quality Water
These are the parameters for what would be considered quality water, in other words, tasty water (oishii mizu), established in 1984 by the "Research Group Oishii mizu Kenkyūkai”, founded by Japan's Ministry of Health. In addition to hardness, the criteria consider factors such as evaporation residues, free carbon dioxide, dilution level of potassium permanganate, odor intensity, residual chlorine and water temperature.
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The hardness of the water that reaches the taps is strongly influenced by its origin and, groundwater, generally tends to have a higher degree of hardness than surface water.
Graphics
[Image 3]
Source: Japan Water Works Association, “Water Quality Database – Japan Faucet Water Quality Distribution Table,” data from fiscal year 2022 (average values).
The redirection of the Tone-gawa River and river transportation
The Tone-gawa River redirection project created a vast network of canals in the Kantō Plain. This infrastructure transformed the river into an important internal transport hub for Japan, driving commerce even in more distant areas, such as Tsugaru, where the western part of Aomori Prefecture is currently located, and the city of Sendai, in Miyagi Prefecture.
Several river ports for unloading goods, known as kashi, were installed along the tributaries and the main river, bringing prosperity to the warehouse owners and vendors who operated along on the banks of the rivers. In 1890, the Tone-gawa River Canal was opened, significantly shortening the route and travel time to Tokyo and resulting in reduced freight costs. In 1891, over 37,000 vessels crossed the canal, proving the importance of this access.
Although river transportation remained relevant in the supply chain of goods up until the early 1890s, the development of land transportation and the expansion of the railway network, especially the Takasaki Line in 1884 and the Tsuchiura Line (today, the Jōban Line) in 1896, in addition to the improvement of roads, led to its gradual decline. Nowadays, the Tone-gawa River can no longer be navigated for commercial transportation purposes.
Reference: Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Official Website.
The water cycle and its purifying function
Precipitation → Mountain → Rivers → Ocean
Water is in constant circulation and, whether in the sea or rivers, it never stays in the same place. The radiation emitted by the sun heats and evaporates the waters of the oceans and on the Earth's surface, which, transformed into clouds, precipitate in the form of rain or snow. This precipitation flows through the rivers, which conduct the water back to the sea, beginning a new cycle. It is through this uninterrupted process that saltwater from the sea is desalinated during evaporation, creating an essential resource for our life on Earth: freshwater.
In the vast cycle that carries water from sea to sky, from sky to earth, and then from land to sea, the forests located in the upper portion of a watershed play a crucial role, especially in a country with dense forest cover like Japan. Forests, mainly due to the action of their soil, have the ability to absorb rainwater and let it drain gradually. This not only contributes to flood control and river volume stability, but also acts in water purification. The water that flows through the forest soil carries few impurities, contains balanced minerals and has a pH close to neutral.
In the path of the rainwater that permeates the forest, being absorbed by the soil and emerging in a watercourse, the substances that cause eutrophication, that is, water pollution by excess nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, are neutralized, as they are retained in the soil absorbed by vegetation. At the same time, a number of other minerals dissolve in balanced proportions. This process as a whole gives the water that passes through the forest soil a higher quality, so that it can be used in agricultural and industrial practices and for consumption.
Main minerals contained in Japan's Water
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
The water of purification
The Japanese people's reverence for water is deeply rooted in their history. It is believed that this is due not only to its abundant water resources, as Japan is an island nation, but also to the cultivation of rice, the main grain in Japanese cuisine, which depends intrinsically on this resource. Considering water to be a sacred entity, the Japanese claim it has the power to purge impurities, and various purification rituals such as misogi, a practice in which people enter rivers and seas, have been practiced over the centuries. Misogi has transcended the limits of religious practice, having undergone transformations, and is now incorporated into popular events and ceremonies. Although this age-old belief in water has weakened over the centuries, its ancestral role in purification is still present in festivals and celebrations to this day.
Nowadays, the most famous water purification ritual in the country is chōzu (or temizu), practiced on visits to shrines and temples. Washing your hands and mouth before entering a sacred space is a symbolic act whose purpose is to ward off possible impurities. More than a simple hygienic practice, it is a gesture for cleansing the body and soul.
Timeline
The history of Japan's water supply system has deep roots and dates back to the Edo Period (1603-1868). During the rise of the big cities, as was the case in the country's capital, the unprecedented population density generated a major challenge: scarcity of water in the face of the high demand for water resources for domestic use. In response to this problem, a number of initiatives drove the development of the system of water canalization and well construction.
Although the supply system of the time used water from rivers and wells without any type of treatment, its popularization guaranteed the stable supply for domestic and industrial use, contributing to an improvement of the hygiene of the population as a whole. These systems formed the foundation of Japan's current supply infrastructure and tell the story of its high technology.
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the Japanese government promoted a series of modernization initiatives, which included the water supply system. The main objective was to prevent the spread of diseases like cholera and the improvement of public hygiene. In 1887, the Nogeyama Jōsuijō Water Treatment Plant in Yokohama was completed, becoming the first modern system in the country. The purification facilities and pipelines introduced at that time ensured the safety and quality of the water, with characteristics similar to those of current supply systems.
During the period of Japan's rapid economic growth, between the 1950s and 1970s, in urban areas, the increased demand for water resources for domestic use made the modernization of the system a priority. Thus, the government actively engaged in the expansion of water infrastructure on a large scale, contributing to an improvement in the standard of living among city dwellers.
After this period of economic prosperity, the construction of supply facilities advanced throughout the country, with the development of a national network.
Nowadays, the sustainability of the water supply systems has become a topic of the utmost relevance. In Japan, the development of a sustainable water system is advancing through a series of initiatives, such as the efficient use of water resources, the reduction of energy consumption and the modernization of facilities that have deteriorated over time. These actions are essential for ensuring a continuous supply of safe, reliable water for future generations.
Source: LOSSZERO Corporation.
Tokyo Metropolitan Area Underground Drainage Canal
The Tokyo Metropolitan Area Underground Drainage Canal is one of the largest underground canals in the world and was built to prevent flooding. When medium and small rivers in northern Tokyo are close to overflowing, the system diverts some of the water to the Edo River, which has a greater capacity to handle this excess through a 6.3-km tunnel that runs 50 meters below the ground. Construction began in March of 1993 and was completed in 2006 using Japanese civil engineering technologies.
These smaller rivers flow into the Naka and Ayase River basins, located in the Tokyo metropolitan area, mainly in Saitama Prefecture. The area has predominantly flat, low-lying geography, with relief that resembles the shape of a plate — a depression that retains water rather than allowing it to drain naturally.
The low slope of the rivers also makes it difficult for water to drain into the sea, causing levels to remain high during heavy rains. In addition, recent rapid urbanization and the resulting soil sealing have diminished the region's ability to absorb rainwater, making it susceptible to flash flooding.
[Image 1]
To address this problem, the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Underground Drainage Canal was implemented: its structure began with the catchment facilities and vertical wells that receive excess water from each river. The collected water is directed to the underground wells, and this flow is then conducted through a tunnel towards the Edo River – where the drainage and pumping station is located. It passes through the pressure regulation tank, where the force of the water is reduced in order to stabilize the operation of the pump that draws the water accumulated in the pressure adjustment water tank from the underground to the surface, using gas-powered turbines to discharge the water to the drainage locks. Finally, a drainage station pumps water out of the ground and sends it to the Edo River via drainage locks.
The completion of this work has reduced the population's vulnerability, decreasing the number of homes and the extent of the areas affected by floods.
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Tomoko Sauvage
Buloklok, 2025.
Glass, water, hydrophones, pumps, tubes, sound system.
Glass blown by Takashi Hamada.
Fluid Time
Buloklok is a sound installation conceived in 2022 by artist and composer Tomoko Sauvage. Born in Japan and based in Paris, Sauvage is known for musical works and performances that explore the vibration and sounds of varied materials, such as water, ceramic bowls and shells, investigating their potential as sound instruments and using chance as a method of composition.
Inside aquariums, glass sculptures with shapes similar to those of shells or conches are submerged in water and produce air bubbles, emitting a sound that is picked up by hydrophones. The sound installation works as a water blowing instrument automated by air pumps. Just as living beings breathe at different speeds and patterns, the sculptures release bubbles from their “mouths” in different pulsations, with varying notes and rhythms, depending on the cavity formed in the sculptures made of blown glass and the pressure of the pumped air.
An object of great interest in Sauvage's work is the clepsydra, also known as the water clock – one of the first systems created by humanity to measure time – which functions with the gradual flow of water. The idea of elastic time, defined by the observation of the movements and changes of the elements of nature, is contained in the work presented here. With the air escaping the glass sculptures, Buloklok becomes a kind of non-linear metronome with fluid times and sounds.
Presented for the first time in a single, large aquarium with 12 sculptures, specially designed for the JHSP, the work dialogues with the circular shape of the exhibition design which refers to ripples of water, so that the sounds of the bubbles echo throughout the space, merging with the other contents of the exhibition. Creating unpredictable dynamics, the artist investigates the sound and visual properties of water while causing us to reflect on the subjectivity of time.
Tone-gawa River System: World Heritage of Irrigation
Tengu-iwa Yōsui Canal (cities of Maebashi, Takasaki and Tamamura in Gunma Prefecture)
Built in cooperation with farmers between 1602 and 1604.
Bizen-kyo Yōsui Irrigation Canal (cities of Honjō, Fukaya and Kumagaya in Saitama Prefecture)
Built in one year starting in 1604, it is one of the oldest irrigation canals in Saitama Prefecture.
Jyukkoku-bori Canal (city of Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki Prefecture)
Built in 1669, it is an irrigation structure of about 15 kilometers.
Minuma-dai Yōsui Canal (cities of Gyōda, Hanyū, Kazo, Kōnosu, Kuki, Okegawa, Ageo, Hasuda, Shiraoka, Kasukabe, Saitama, Koshigaya, Kawaguchi, Sōka, Toda, Ina and Miyashiro in Saitama Prefecture)
Built in 1728, it is considered one of the three largest agricultural irrigation canals in Japan.
Ogawa Dam (city of Kanra, Gunma Prefecture)
It is believed to have been built about 400 years ago, functioning as a water supply canal for the castle city, samurai residences and rice paddies in the river's lower-lying region.
Uda Mikumari Shrine
This shrine is consecrated to the Three Deities of Water Distribution: Hayakitsuhiko-no-Mikoto (center), Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (right) and Kuni-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (left).
Legend has it that the shrine was built following a divine oracle in the era of Emperor Sujin (97-30 BCE). The main hall consists of three connected buildings done in the archaic kasuga-zukuri style of architecture: it has a single front span, and its eaves are supported by diagonal corner beams. The exterior is painted red, and details such as the structural element known as kaerumata display characteristics of the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). In 1954, the three buildings of the main hall were designated as National Treasures.
Credits: ©Uda City Tourism Association
Utagawa Hiroshige (1797-1858)
Kawaguchi no watashi Zenkôji, 1857.
(Kawaguchi Ferry and Zenkoji Temple)
From the series “Meisho Edo hyakkei” (“One Hundred Famous Views of Edo”) (1856-1858)
Woodcut on paper
Instituto Moreira Salles Collection
Water in Floating Worlds
Surrounded by oceans and intercut by countless rivers, Japan developed its culture based on a strong connection with water. Daily life in the Japanese archipelago, always permeated by abundant water resources, is reflected in the agriculture, means of transportation, habits and even religious rituals and beliefs. The presence of water has also become a frequent theme in artistic representations of Japan, such as in the popular Japanese woodcuts known as ukiyo-e, produced from the 17th to the 19th century.
The literal meaning of ukiyo-e (浮世絵) can be translated as “images of the floating world,” referring to the recurring themes of these woodcuts, which often feature scenes of entertainment of the era, natural landscapes, portraits of famous artists and scenes of the ancient capital Edo, now Tokyo.
One of the most renowned ukiyo-e artists was Utagawa Hiroshige (1797-1858), known for his diverse representations of nature in each season of the year. His most famous works are part of the series entitled “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo” (1856-1858), created toward the end of his life. Like the works of other ukiyo-e artists, like Katsushika Hokusai and Kitagawa Utamaro, his woodcuts conquered the world and inspired great artists such as Vincent Van Gogh and Claude Monet.
In the work Kawaguchi no watashi Zenkôji (“Kawaguchi Ferry and Zenkoji Temple”), water serves as transport for a vessel that crosses a river, as well as some loaded with logs that follow the same flow. The Prussian blue color creates a diagonal line at the center of the work which, associated with the lighter, greenish tones, simulates the movement and fluidity of the water. Around the great waterway, local life reveals itself delicately: houses on a bank, people in the bottom corner who appear to be talking, others who are heading toward the temple at the top.
With focus on the water, the life that takes place next to this element is portrayed, showing the action of people, something that can also be observed in the famous work The Great Wave off Kanagawa, part of the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji" by the artist Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849), which highlights the wave itself but also presents small boats with people, again representing the close relationship between human beings and nature in various everyday situations.
This woodcut belongs to the collection of the Moreira Salles Institute (IMS), which has 155 ukiyo-e works, most dating from the 19th century, portraying in vibrant colors landscapes, customs, work scenes and Kabuki theater actors.
Yoshino Mikumari-jinja Shrine
Yoshino Mikumari-jinja is a consecrated shrine to the deity of water distribution, Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami. Reverence for this deity is largely motivated by agriculture. Therefore, this type of shrine is often built on river springs or water sources, with the purpose of praying for good harvests.
Mizugori
Mizugori, ou kori, refere-se ao ato de banhar-se em água para purificar o corpo e o espírito antes de visitar templos e santuários ou participar de rituais e festivais. Segundo o estudioso Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801), o termo evoluiu de kawaori, o gesto de entrar em um rio para se limpar. No xintoísmo, essa prática é conhecida como misogi. O misogi realizado pela divindade Izanagi-no-Mikoto é considerado o ponto de partida de todos os rituais de kori.
Takigyō
O takigyō é uma forma de ascese feita em cachoeiras. É praticado dentro do Shugendō, tradição religiosa japonesa que combina crenças populares com o xintoísmo e o budismo. Foi difundido no período Nara (710-794) com menções em textos clássicos como o Kojiki, o mais antigo livro sobre a história japonesa que data de 712, e o Nihon Shoki, o segundo livro mais antigo sobre a mesma temática, concluído em 720. No Shugendō, a água é considerada um elemento que tem poder purificador, e a prática do takigyō é considerada uma forma de misogi ou kori, em que o fluxo de uma cachoeira pode limpar a mente e o corpo e fortalecer o espírito.
Tradicionalmente praticado como parte dos treinamentos do Shugendō e do Budismo Esotérico, o objetivo de se banhar sob a cachoeira em reverência aos deuses e a Buda era dispersar as distrações e dar tempo para a reflexão interior.
Crédito Foto | ©JP_PIXTA
A água da purificação
A reverência à água do povo japonês é profundamente enraizada em sua história. Acredita-se que isso se deva não só aos recursos hídricos abundantes, por ser o Japão uma nação insular, mas também ao cultivo de arroz, grão principal da alimentação japonesa, que depende intrinsecamente desse recurso. Considerada uma entidade sagrada, os japoneses afirmam que a água tem o poder de expurgar as impurezas, e diversos rituais de purificação como o misogi, no qual as pessoas entram em rios e mares, foram praticados ao longo dos séculos. O misogi transcendeu os limites das práticas religiosas, passou por transformações e hoje é incorporado em eventos e cerimônias populares. Embora essa crença milenar na água tenha se enfraquecido ao longo dos séculos, seu papel ancestral na purificação ainda está presente em festivais e celebrações nos dias atuais.
Hoje, o ritual de purificação pela água mais famoso do país é o chōzu (ou temizu), praticado em visitas a santuários e templos. Lavar as mãos e a boca antes de entrar em um espaço sagrado é um ato simbólico cujo objetivo é afastar as possíveis impurezas. Mais do que uma simples prática de higiene, é um gesto para a limpeza do corpo e da alma.
Okinami Tairyō Matsuri
O Okinami Tairyō Matsuri, realizado no distrito de Okinami, na cidade de Anamizu, província de Ishikawa, é uma exceção entre os festivais Kiriko Matsuri da região da península de Noto. Ao contrário da maioria, que alcança seu clímax à noite, essa festividade tem seus momentos de destaque sob a luz do dia. A origem do festival está na lenda de que a divindade do santuário Okinami Suwa Jinja foi encontrada à deriva no mar. Por isso, a tradição é carregar as lanternas kiriko para dentro do mar, com o intuito de realizar a purificação misogi. Nesse momento, os participantes rezam por uma pesca abundante e pela segurança no mar.
Quando as lanternas kiriko se alinham na praia de Tatto-no-hama, conhecida por suas águas rasas, o tambor Okinami Tairyō Daiko é tocado em ritmo cadenciado. Ao sinal da flauta, um kiriko de cada vez é levado para dentro do mar. Os carregadores ficam imersos até o peito e se agitam vigorosamente. Enquanto o som do tambor no topo do kiriko se intensifica, a estrutura vai absorvendo a água do mar e se torna cada vez mais pesada, pressionando os ombros dos carregadores. Mas eles continuam os movimentos, fazendo a água espirrar e brilhar sob o sol de verão. Finalmente, quando a flauta toca novamente, os kiriko retornam à areia e o ritual de purificação é encerrado.
Fonte: Departamento de Estratégia de Turismo da Província de Ishikawa; Comitê de Ativação do Patrimônio do Japão. “Noto, a Península Iluminada: a Energia dos Festivais Kiriko” (disponível apenas em japonês).
Crédito Foto | ©ANAMIZU TOWN_ISHIKAWA
Santuário Mikumari Jinja
O Mikumari Jinja é um santuário consagrado à divindade da distribuição da água, o Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami. A reverência a essa divindade é, em grande parte, motivada pela agricultura. Por isso, esse tipo de santuário é frequentemente construído em nascentes de rios ou fontes de água, com a finalidade de rezar por boas colheitas.
Santuário Uta Mikumari Jinja
Este santuário é consagrado às Três Divindades da Distribuição da Água: Hayakitsuhiko-no-Mikoto (ao centro), Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (à direita) e Kuni-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (à esquerda).
A lenda narra que o santuário foi construído seguindo um oráculo divino na era do Imperador Sujin (97-30 a.C.). O salão principal é composto por três edifícios conectados no estilo arcaico kasugazukuri: tem um único vão frontal, e seus beirais são sustentados por vigas de canto diagonais. O exterior é pintado de vermelho, e detalhes como o elemento estrutural chamado de kaerumata evidenciam as características do Período Kamakura (1185-1333). Em 1954, os três edifícios do salão principal foram designados como Tesouros Nacionais.
Crédito Foto | ©Uda City Tourism Association
Santuário Yanahime Jinja
Este templo é dedicado a Yanahime-no-Mikoto, divindade feminina adorada há mais de 1.300 anos. Popularmente conhecida como “Mitsuke-no-Otenjin-sama”, ela é venerada como a deusa que abençoa o sucesso nos estudos, a saúde, o bom parto, a proteção das crianças e a união de laços amorosos.
Durante o festival anual do santuário, o Mitsuke Tenjin Hadaka Matsuri (literalmente, o Festival dos Homens Nus de Mitsuke Tenjin), realiza-se o ritual de hamagori, no qual os participantes se banham em água do mar para purificar o corpo e o espírito.
The World Heritage Sites of Irrigation in Japan
The function of irrigation
To successfully irrigate, it is necessary to guarantee the water source and organize the driving and distribution installations. Currently, the construction of embankments at water sources or dams at rivers allows for a stable collection of water resources.
The water that supplies the rice paddies can follow two paths: one part infiltrates the soil, becoming groundwater and contributing to recharging the water tables; another part flows across the surface, reaching the drainage channels and then the rivers. This movement allows water to continue in the hydrological cycle, collected and reused in other activities, especially in regions near the mouth of rivers, where this water accumulates again and is available for other uses. The proper management of this flow is the key to maintaining the health of the water cycle in the entire basin. As such, we can say that irrigation is not only useful for agricultural production, but that it plays a multifaceted role, including the sustainable management of water resources and the preservation of aquatic ecosystems. In order for this system to work stably and for many years, there has to be a concerted, continuous effort from the local community, including the farmers who benefit from it.
Source: Mynavi Nogyo.
Tokyo Metropolitan Area Underground Drainage Canal
The Tokyo Metropolitan Area Underground Drainage Canal is one of the largest underground canals in the world and was built to prevent flooding. When medium and small rivers in northern Tokyo are close to overflowing, the system diverts some of the water to the Edo River, which has a greater capacity to handle this excess through a 6.3-km tunnel that runs 50 meters below the ground. Construction began in March of 1993 and was completed in 2006 using Japanese civil engineering technologies.
These smaller rivers flow into the Naka and Ayase River basins, located in the Tokyo metropolitan area, mainly in Saitama Prefecture. The area has predominantly flat, low-lying geography, with relief that resembles the shape of a plate — a depression that retains water rather than allowing it to drain naturally.
The low slope of the rivers also makes it difficult for water to drain into the sea, causing levels to remain high during heavy rains. In addition, recent rapid urbanization and the resulting soil sealing have diminished the region's ability to absorb rainwater, making it susceptible to flash flooding.
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To address this problem, the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Underground Drainage Canal was implemented: its structure began with the catchment facilities and vertical wells that receive excess water from each river. The collected water is directed to the underground wells, and this flow is then conducted through a tunnel towards the Edo River – where the drainage and pumping station is located. It passes through the pressure regulation tank, where the force of the water is reduced in order to stabilize the operation of the pump that draws the water accumulated in the pressure adjustment water tank from the underground to the surface, using gas-powered turbines to discharge the water to the drainage locks. Finally, a drainage station pumps water out of the ground and sends it to the Edo River via drainage locks.
The completion of this work has reduced the population's vulnerability, decreasing the number of homes and the extent of the areas affected by floods.
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